Environmental Problems Posed by Agriculture

We always viewed farming as an industry that is in acceptance with nature. However, agriculture is now considered one of environment's malefactors. At the present, farming is increasing in efficiency very rapidly due to the use of fertilizers and pesticides, farm machinery, development of hybrid strains, and increased knowledge. Just as the efficiency has increased greatly, so have environmental problems. Back in colonial days, "nine out of ten working persons were employed on a farm" [10]. Today, only three percent of our labor force produces enough food to meet our countries needs [10]. Right now, there is a struggle between agriculture and nature. According to NAREA, some of the contributions from agriculture include: ecological damage from pesticides; surface water quality problems due to nutrient runoff, disappearance of underwater grasses in the Chesapeake Bay, the salinization of bay's, BOD depletion in rivers and lakes, nitrate contamination of well water from leaching of fertilizers and animal wastes; bacterial contamination from spills from waste lagoons; and air pollution from animal feeding operations, burning straw and dust. One of the damages to the environment is the soil erosion. According to Cornell, an average of 10 times as much soil erodes as is replaced by natural soil formation. Another major problem is the pesticides. The chemicals in the pesticides not only kill the pests, but also beneficial insects as well. Weed control has also been a major factor of environmental problems. The chemicals herbicides kill animal species and insects and also contaminate streams and lakes by percolation of water and dissolved chemicals downward through the soil. When using fertilizers, nutrients are lost through runoff to eroded soil particles. The three major nutrients in fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium [10]. The nitrate that is lost can elevate concentrations to levels unacceptable for drinking water quality. The second part of the problem that fertilizers cause is the Phosphorus. According to Cornell, Phosphorus is carried into surface water bodies where it causes excessive growth of aquatic plants. This excessive growth can cause the fish in the lakes to die from the resulting lack of dissolved oxygen.